UPTET / Super TET Current Affairs Quiz — Last 12 months
Daily news by your exam, state and topic — each with a short summary, key facts and MCQs.
Aboard which research vessel was most of the survey work behind CMLRE's 2026 national report on deep-sea fishery resources carried out?
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Correct answer: D — FORV Sagar Sampada
The Fishery and Oceanographic Research Vessel (FORV) Sagar Sampada served as the floating laboratory for the surveys.
Consider the following statements about CMLRE's National Report on Deep-Sea and Distant-Water Fishery Resources of the Indian EEZ: 1. It describes the mesopelagic 'twilight zone' as extending from 200 to 1,000 metres deep. 2. It covers India's Exclusive Economic Zone of about 2.37 million sq km. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2
Both are correct. The report also names biodiversity hotspots such as Kollam Bank and Angria Bank.
What was the theme of the OCHA-led World Humanitarian Day 2026 campaign?
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Correct answer: A — Families of Fallen Humanitarians
The 2026 OCHA-led campaign focused on 'Families of Fallen Humanitarians'.
World Humanitarian Day on 19 August commemorates which event?
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Correct answer: C — The 2003 bombing of the Canal Hotel in Baghdad
On 19 August 2003, a bomb attack on the Canal Hotel in Baghdad killed 22 humanitarian workers, including UN envoy Sergio Vieira de Mello.
Consider the following statements about World Humanitarian Day: 1. It was designated by a resolution of the UN Security Council. 2. The annual campaign is led by the World Health Organization. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: D — Neither 1 nor 2
Neither is correct. The day was designated by UN General Assembly resolution 63/139, and the campaign is led by OCHA. The UN Security Council link in 2026 is the 10th anniversary of Resolution 2286 on health care in armed conflict.
At what level did the RBI's Monetary Policy Committee keep the policy repo rate at its 3-5 August 2026 meeting, as recorded in the minutes released on 19 August?
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Correct answer: B — 5.25%
The MPC unanimously kept the repo rate at 5.25%; the SDF rate is 5.00% and the MSF rate and Bank Rate are 5.50%.
The RBI Monetary Policy Committee meeting held from 3 to 5 August 2026 was its
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Correct answer: D — 62nd meeting
The minutes describe it as the sixty-second meeting of the MPC.
Consider the following statements about the RBI MPC minutes released on 19 August 2026: 1. The minutes are published under Section 45ZL of the RBI Act, 1934. 2. The MPC changed its stance from neutral to accommodative. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: A — 1 only
Only statement 1 is correct. The MPC decided to continue with the neutral stance.
Who chaired the selection committee for the National Sports Awards 2025, announced on 18 August 2026?
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Correct answer: B — Justice (Retd.) Arun Kumar Mishra
The selection committee was chaired by former Supreme Court judge Justice (Retd.) Arun Kumar Mishra.
Which entity received the Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar 2025?
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Correct answer: D — Army Paralympic Node, Pune
The Army Paralympic Node, Pune, was the sole entity named for the Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar 2025.
Who received the Arjuna Award (Lifetime) 2025, and in which sport?
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Correct answer: A — I. Arumainayagam, football
Footballer I. Arumainayagam received the Arjuna Award (Lifetime); the others are Dronacharya awardees.
Consider the following statements about the National Sports Awards 2025: 1. Chess players Vidit Gujrathi and Divya Deshmukh are among the Arjuna awardees. 2. The Dronacharya Award (regular category) went to coaches in athletics, boxing and shooting. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2
Both are correct. The regular Dronacharya awardees are Parveer Singh (athletics), Chhote Lal Yadav (boxing) and Neha Nandkumar Chavan (shooting).
Who was the main challenger to Hakainde Hichilema in Zambia's 2026 presidential election?
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Correct answer: B — Brian Mundubile
Brian Mundubile received about 38% of the vote, against about 60% for Hichilema.
Consider the following statements about Zambia's 2026 presidential election result: 1. Hakainde Hichilema won a second five-year term. 2. Hichilema won more than 75% of the vote. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: A — 1 only
Only statement 1 is correct. Hichilema won about 60% of the vote.
From when is the Incentive Scheme for Promotion of Domestic PNG Connections effective?
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Correct answer: C — 1 September 2026
The scheme, approved on 18 August 2026, is effective from 1 September 2026.
Under the Domestic PNG incentive scheme, how much additional APM gas does a CGD entity get for every incremental billed domestic connection?
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Correct answer: B — 200 SCM
Eligible CGD entities get an additional 200 SCM of domestically produced, lower-priced APM gas per incremental billed connection above the threshold.
Consider the following statements about the Domestic PNG incentive scheme: 1. India currently has about 1.74 crore domestic PNG connections. 2. The scheme runs in four tranches spread over two years. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: A — 1 only
Only statement 1 is correct. The scheme runs in two tranches spanning six months.
How many items are on the sixth Positive Indigenisation List notified by the Department of Defence Production on 18 August 2026?
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Correct answer: D — 405
The sixth PIL has 405 strategically important items with an estimated business potential of ₹3,070 crore.
On which portal is the detailed sixth Positive Indigenisation List available?
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Correct answer: B — SRIJAN
The detailed list is available on the SRIJAN portal (srijandefence.gov.in).
Consider the following statements about the sixth Positive Indigenisation List: 1. It contains 389 items of Defence PSUs and 16 items of the Indian Coast Guard. 2. Its estimated business potential is ₹30,700 crore. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: A — 1 only
Only statement 1 is correct. The estimated business potential is ₹3,070 crore.
Which Indian official visited Armenia on 17-18 August 2026, during which a defence MoU was signed?
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Correct answer: A — Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh
Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh visited Armenia on 17-18 August 2026.
Consider the following statements about the India-Armenia defence engagement of August 2026: 1. The two sides exchanged Terms of Reference for institutionalising Joint Services Staff Talks. 2. An IT Lab at the Armenian Military Academy has been set up with Indian assistance. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2
Both are correct. The defence ministries also signed an MoU on joint collaboration, innovation and research.
For what period did the Ministry of Defence lease two MQ-9B Sea Guardian RPAS for the Indian Navy under the contract signed on 17 August 2026?
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Correct answer: B — 30 months
The contract with GA-ASI is for leasing two MQ-9B Sea Guardian HALE RPAS for 30 months.
The approximate value of the MQ-9B Sea Guardian lease contract signed by the Ministry of Defence on 17 August 2026 is:
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Correct answer: D — ₹1,943 crore
The Ministry of Defence said the contract is valued at approximately ₹1,943 crore.
Consider the following statements about the MQ-9B lease contract of 17 August 2026: 1. The contract was signed with General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc. (GA-ASI). 2. The aircraft are High-Altitude Long-Endurance (HALE) remotely piloted systems meant to boost the Navy's Maritime Domain Awareness. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2
Both are correct: the vendor is GA-ASI, and the MQ-9B Sea Guardian is a HALE RPAS that the ministry said will strengthen Maritime Domain Awareness through persistent ISR coverage.
The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2026, notified on 17 August 2026, amends which principal Act?
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Correct answer: C — MMDR Act, 1957
The 2026 Amendment Act amends the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, under which mining in India is regulated.
According to the PIB backgrounder on the MMDR Amendment Act, 2026, roughly how many taxes, charges and fees do States currently impose on mining?
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Correct answer: A — Around 14
The backgrounder said States impose around 14 taxes, charges and fees, including royalty, auction premium, dead rent, DMF payments, GST and transit fee.
Consider the following statements about the MMDR Amendment Act, 2026: 1. It completely abolishes royalty payable on major minerals. 2. It allows States to levy fresh taxes on mineral-bearing lands without any conditions. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: D — Neither 1 nor 2
Neither is correct. The Act does not abolish royalty; it bars States from levying fresh taxes on mineral rights and mineral-bearing lands except within conditions prescribed by the Central Government.
According to the PLFS monthly bulletin for July 2026, what was the overall Labour Force Participation Rate (15 years and above, CWS)?
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Correct answer: B — 55.4%
Overall LFPR rose to 55.4% in July 2026 from 54.4% in June 2026; 58.0% is the rural LFPR and 52.5% the overall WPR.
Consider the following statements about the PLFS monthly bulletin for July 2026: 1. Female LFPR (15 years and above) rose to 34.4% from 32.7% in June 2026. 2. The overall Worker Population Ratio rose to 52.5% from 51.4% in June 2026. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2
Both are correct as per the MoSPI press note on the July 2026 bulletin.
The PLFS monthly bulletin for July 2026 is which number in the monthly series that began with April 2025?
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Correct answer: A — Sixteenth
Monthly bulletins for April 2025 to June 2026 were already out, so the July 2026 bulletin is the sixteenth in the series.
On 17 August 2026, the Supreme Court directed all States to set up dedicated SITs to probe fraudulent claims in which area?
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Correct answer: A — Motor accident insurance claims
The order concerns suspected fraudulent motor accident insurance claims, including cases where the same vehicle was shown in multiple accidents.
Consider the following statements about the Supreme Court's 17 August 2026 order on fraudulent motor accident claims: 1. The SITs are to be constituted by the Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways at the national level. 2. Top management of insurance companies will be held accountable if fraud-indicative claims are forwarded selectively. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: B — 2 only
Only statement 2 is correct. The Court directed each State to form a dedicated SIT at the State level, not a single national SIT under the Union ministry.
Under the Supreme Court's 17 August 2026 directions, what must an insurer do when a Motor Accident Claims Tribunal rejects a claim on the ground of fraud or collusion?
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Correct answer: D — Forward details to the State SIT and run an in-house inquiry into collusion by its own officers
The Court directed insurers to immediately forward such cases to the SIT of the State where the claim was raised and to investigate whether their own officers colluded.
Where did India launch its first-ever Guide to Grasslands and Other Open Natural Ecosystems on 17 August 2026?
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Correct answer: B — UNCCD COP17 in Ulaanbaatar
The guide was launched at the 17th Conference of the Parties to the UNCCD in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Which institution organised the publication of India's Guide to Grasslands and Other Open Natural Ecosystems and its launch event at UNCCD COP17?
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Correct answer: A — Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE)
The publication and the side event were organised by ATREE in collaboration with IUCN, CoE-SLM, ICFRE and ISRO's Space Applications Centre, under MoEF&CC guidance.
Exercise MAITREE, whose 15th edition began in August 2026, is a joint military exercise between India and which country?
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Correct answer: A — Thailand
MAITREE is the India–Thailand Joint Military Exercise; the 15th edition is held at Surat Thani, Thailand, from 18 to 31 August 2026.
Troops from which Indian Army regiment primarily represent India at Exercise MAITREE-XV (2026)?
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Correct answer: D — 9 Gorkha Rifles
The Indian Army contingent of 85 personnel is drawn primarily from 9 Gorkha Rifles.
Where was the previous (14th) edition of the India–Thailand exercise MAITREE held in September 2025?
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Correct answer: B — Foreign Training Node, Umroi, Meghalaya
The Ministry of Defence said the last edition was conducted at the Foreign Training Node, Umroi, Meghalaya, in September 2025.
How many additional proposals did MeitY approve under the Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS) on 17 August 2026?
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Correct answer: D — 31
MeitY approved 31 more proposals with projected investment of ₹6,844 crore, in addition to 75 approved earlier.
After the approvals of 17 August 2026, how many ECMS projects had been approved in total, and how many plants had started manufacturing?
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Correct answer: C — 106 approved; 38 operational
Of the 106 projects approved so far, 38 plants have commenced manufacturing and 16 more are at advanced stages of construction or machinery installation.
The ECMS approval event of 17 August 2026 was held in collaboration with which industry body?
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Correct answer: A — Electronic Industries Association of India (ELCINA)
MeitY held the event for handing over approvals in New Delhi in collaboration with ELCINA, whose president Sasikumar Gendham attended.
During his August 2026 visit to Nepal, Indian Army Chief General Dhiraj Seth is to receive which honour?
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Correct answer: B — Honorary Rank of General of the Nepali Army
In keeping with a tradition between the two armies, the President of Nepal confers the Honorary Rank of General of the Nepali Army on the Indian Army Chief.
Consider the following statements about General Dhiraj Seth's Nepal visit of 17–19 August 2026: 1. The honorary rank is to be conferred by the Prime Minister of Nepal. 2. The Ex-Servicemen Rally during the visit is to be held at Biratnagar. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: D — Neither 1 nor 2
Neither is correct. The honorary rank is conferred by Nepal's President Ram Chandra Paudel, and the Ex-Servicemen Rally is at Pokhara.
Where is General Dhiraj Seth to address student officers of the Army Command and Staff Course during his Nepal visit?
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Correct answer: A — Shivapuri
On 18 August 2026 he is to address student officers of the Army Command and Staff Course at Shivapuri; Tundikhel is where he lays a wreath and Pokhara hosts the ex-servicemen rally.
Against which team did the Indian women's hockey team draw 2-2 in its FIH Women's Hockey World Cup 2026 opener on 16 August 2026?
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Correct answer: D — China
India drew 2-2 with Olympic silver medallists China in their Pool D opener at Amstelveen.
Consider the following statements about India's opening match at the FIH Women's Hockey World Cup 2026: 1. Navneet Kaur and Deepika scored India's goals. 2. The match was played at the Wagener Stadium in Amstelveen, Netherlands. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2
Both statements are correct. Navneet Kaur and Deepika scored as India drew 2-2 with China at the Wagener Stadium in Amstelveen on 16 August 2026.
Under which trade agreement did syndicates fraudulently claim duty exemption on areca nut imports, as uncovered by the DRI on 16 August 2026?
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Correct answer: A — SAFTA
The syndicates claimed duty exemption under the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) by mis-declaring the origin of the areca nuts.
In the areca nut fraud uncovered by the DRI in August 2026, the imports were falsely declared as originating from which country?
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Correct answer: D — Bangladesh
The South-East Asian areca nuts were routed through an export processing zone in Bangladesh and passed off as Bangladeshi-origin goods.
Consider the following statements about the DRI's areca nut case announced on 16 August 2026: 1. Areca nut imports into India normally attract a Basic Customs Duty of 100%. 2. The estimated loss to the exchequer is more than ₹2,500 crore. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2
Both are correct. Normal BCD on areca nuts is 100%, whereas eligible SAFTA imports are exempt; the DRI put the revenue loss at over ₹2,500 crore.
In which country did US envoy Jared Kushner meet Hamas leaders on 16 August 2026 to push the Gaza road map?
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Correct answer: A — Egypt
Kushner met Hamas leaders in Egypt and also held talks with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.
Consider the following statements about the Gaza road map in August 2026: 1. The US-backed road map for the second phase of the Gaza plan has 15 points. 2. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had accepted the road map before Kushner's meeting with Hamas. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: A — 1 only
Only statement 1 is correct. Netanyahu rejected the 15-point road map the week before, while Hamas said it accepted the road map for the second phase.
What is the name of the memorial of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee where PM Modi paid homage on 16 August 2026?
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Correct answer: C — Sadaiv Atal
Prime Minister Modi paid homage to Vajpayee at his memorial, Sadaiv Atal, on his Punya Tithi.
In which city of Rajasthan did Amit Shah unveil a 21-foot statue of Atal Bihari Vajpayee on 16 August 2026?
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Correct answer: B — Chittorgarh
The 21-foot statue, built at a cost of over ₹1.5 crore, was unveiled in Chittorgarh, where 944 projects worth ₹5,755 crore were also launched.
In his 80th Independence Day address on 15 August 2026, PM Modi announced AI-skills training for how many youth over the next one year?
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Correct answer: B — 1 crore
The Prime Minister announced that one crore youth would be trained in AI skills over the next one year.
What nuclear power capacity target for 2047 did PM Modi mention in his Independence Day address of 15 August 2026?
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Correct answer: D — 100 GW
The Prime Minister said India is working towards 100 GW of nuclear power capacity by 2047, with five new reactors planned within this decade.
Consider the following statements about PM Modi's address on 15 August 2026: 1. The PM said Vande Mataram was resonating from the Red Fort on 15 August for the first time since Independence. 2. The PM said 20 more semiconductor plants will be set up by 2030. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: A — 1 only
Only statement 1 is correct. On semiconductors, the PM said three plants have been initiated and five to eight more are expected in the next seven to eight years.
What new target for 'Lakhpati Didis' did the Prime Minister announce on 15 August 2026?
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Correct answer: C — 6 crore
After the earlier target of 3 crore Lakhpati Didis was surpassed, the PM set a new goal of 6 crore.
The nationwide sports talent hunt announced by the Prime Minister on 15 August 2026 targets children of which age group?
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Correct answer: A — 5 to 15 years
The talent hunt will be run across villages, cities and schools to identify sporting talent among children aged 5 to 15, with an eye on the 2036 Olympics.
How many Indian missions and posts did the Suryapath Tiranga global relay connect on 15 August 2026?
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Correct answer: C — 54
The relay connected 54 missions and posts across continents, following the path of the rising sun.
From which place did the Suryapath Tiranga relay begin on 15 August 2026?
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Correct answer: B — Suva, Fiji
The relay began in Suva, Fiji, at 1:30 am IST and ended in San Francisco at 8:30 pm IST.
Har Ghar Tiranga 2026, observed from 9 to 17 August, was which edition of the campaign and centred on which anniversary?
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Correct answer: D — Fifth year; 150 years of Vande Mataram
The Ministry of Culture described 2026 as the fifth year of Har Ghar Tiranga, with 150 years of the National Song, Vande Mataram, at its heart.
Which new policy did Uttar Pradesh CM Yogi Adityanath announce at the state's Independence Day function on 15 August 2026?
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Correct answer: C — Integrated Youth Policy
Adityanath announced a new integrated Youth Policy to strengthen the skill, innovation and employment of the state's youth.
Where was Uttar Pradesh's state-level Independence Day celebration held on 15 August 2026, at which the new Youth Policy was announced?
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Correct answer: B — Vidhan Bhavan, Lucknow
The state-level celebration, where the Chief Minister announced the Youth Policy, was held at Vidhan Bhavan in Lucknow.
The Qatar–India postal remittance service launched on 15 August 2026 credits money directly to which kind of accounts in India?
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Correct answer: A — UPI-enabled bank accounts
Customers in Qatar can send funds through Qatar Post outlets directly to UPI-enabled bank accounts in India.
Which platform of the Universal Postal Union is part of the Qatar–India UPI-powered postal remittance service?
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Correct answer: D — UPU Interconnection Platform (UPU-IP)
The service was developed by Qatar Post, India Post, the UPU Interconnection Platform (UPU-IP) and NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL).
In the National Framework released by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs on 15 August 2026, what does 'ITDA' stand for?
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Correct answer: A — Integrated Tribal Development Agency
ITDAs and ITDPs are Integrated Tribal Development Agencies and Projects, the principal field-level institutions for tribal development.
Consider the following statements about the National Framework for Strengthening of ITDAs and ITDPs released on 15 August 2026: 1. It was jointly released by Tribal Affairs Minister Jual Oram and NITI Aayog Member R. Balasubramaniam. 2. It is based on a consultation covering ITDAs/ITDPs in all 28 States. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: A — 1 only
Only statement 1 is correct. The consultation covered 217 ITDAs/ITDPs across 19 States and Union Territories.
In her address on the eve of the 80th Independence Day, President Droupadi Murmu said the country is celebrating the 200th birth anniversary of which social reformer?
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Correct answer: B — Mahatma Jyotiba Phule
The President said the country is celebrating the 200th birth anniversary of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, and recalled the contributions of Mahatma Phule and Savitribai Phule to social justice and women's education.
According to President Murmu's address of 14 August 2026, how many people have been lifted out of poverty in India?
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Correct answer: C — More than 25 crore
The President said more than 25 crore people have been lifted out of poverty.
Consider the following statements based on the President's address on the eve of the 80th Independence Day: 1. Women won 8 of India's 13 gold medals at the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. 2. Of the nearly 59 crore Jan Dhan account holders, fewer than 20 crore are women. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: A — 1 only
Only statement 1 is correct. The President said more than 32 crore of the nearly 59 crore Jan Dhan account holders are women.
What share of India's population did President Murmu say is below the age of 35 in her address of 14 August 2026?
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Correct answer: D — 65 percent
The President said 65 percent of the country's population is below the age of 35.
How many gallantry awards did the President approve for the Defence Forces and CAPFs on the eve of Independence Day 2026?
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Correct answer: B — 78
The President approved 78 gallantry awards, including 13 posthumous, along with 89 Mention-in-Despatches.
How many Kirti Chakras were approved among the Independence Day 2026 gallantry awards?
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Correct answer: C — 9
Nine Kirti Chakras were approved, seven of them posthumous.
Consider the following statements about the Independence Day 2026 gallantry awards: 1. Most of the Kirti Chakras were awarded posthumously. 2. The awards included more Vayu Sena Medals (Gallantry) than Nao Sena Medals (Gallantry). Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2
Both statements are correct: seven of the nine Kirti Chakras are posthumous, and the awards included 5 Vayu Sena Medals (Gallantry) against 3 Nao Sena Medals (Gallantry).
How many Medals for Gallantry were awarded to police and fire service personnel on Independence Day 2026?
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Correct answer: C — 301
A total of 301 Medals for Gallantry were awarded, 272 to police and 29 to fire service personnel, out of 1,057 medals overall.
Consider the following statements about the Independence Day 2026 police and service medals: 1. The largest share of Medals for Gallantry went to personnel from the Jammu & Kashmir region. 2. 664 Medals for Meritorious Service were awarded. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: B — 2 only
Only statement 2 is correct. The largest share of gallantry medals, 197 of 301, went to personnel from Left Wing Extremism affected areas; J&K accounted for 51.
When was the Jal Jeevan Mission launched?
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Correct answer: B — 15 August 2019
Jal Jeevan Mission was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 15 August 2019 and completed seven years in August 2026.
What share of rural households had tap water connections as of August 2026, according to the Ministry of Jal Shakti?
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Correct answer: C — About 82%
More than 15.91 crore rural households, or 82.24%, had tap water supply, up from 16.72% at the Mission's launch in 2019.
Consider the following statements about the Jal Jeevan Mission: 1. In JJM, FHTC stands for Functional Household Tap Connection. 2. Under JJM 2.0, the focus shifts to service delivery, source sustainability and community ownership. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2
Both statements are correct. JJM aims to give every rural household a Functional Household Tap Connection, and JJM 2.0 emphasises service delivery, source sustainability, community ownership and long-term functionality.
The government announced on 14 August 2026 that it is removing the advertisement duration cap for TV channels. What was the cap?
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Correct answer: D — 12 minutes per hour
The 12-minute advertisement duration cap for television channels is being removed to enable fair competition and ease of doing business.
Under which rules was the TV advertisement duration cap introduced in 2006?
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Correct answer: A — Cable Television Networks Rules, 1994
The cap was introduced in 2006 under the Cable Television Networks Rules, 1994; its removal takes effect when the amendment to these rules is notified.
Consider the following statements about the removal of the TV advertisement cap: 1. When the cap was introduced, India had only 62 TV channels. 2. Digital media platforms in India were subject to the same 12-minute cap. Which of the above is/are correct?
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Correct answer: A — 1 only
Only statement 1 is correct. India had 62 channels in 2006 against more than 900 now; the Ministry cited a non-level playing field because digital media had no such cap.