SF Prep

Bihar Police Current Affairs Quiz — Last 6 months

Daily news by your exam, state and topic — each with a short summary, key facts and MCQs.

7 days 1 month 3 months 6 months 12 months All
956 news · 2551 MCQs
Score: 0 / 0 attempted · 78 questions
Aadhaar App crosses 40 million downloads; email update free till December 2026
Q1

How many downloads had the Aadhaar App crossed, as announced by UIDAI on 18 July 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 40 million

The Aadhaar App crossed 40 million (4 crore) downloads.

Q2 Advanced

Until when has the email update feature (earlier priced at ₹75) been made free on the Aadhaar App?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 31 December 2026

The email update feature, earlier priced at ₹75, is free on the Aadhaar App till 31 December 2026.

Draft Advocates (Amendment) Bill, 2026 released for public consultation
Q3

Which body hosted the Draft Advocates (Amendment) Bill, 2026 on its website on 18 July 2026 for public consultation?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Bar Council of India

The Bar Council of India hosted the draft Bill on its official website on 18 July 2026.

Q4 Advanced

What was the last date for submitting comments on the Draft Advocates (Amendment) Bill, 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — 31 July 2026

Comments were invited on or before 31 July 2026 (3:00 PM).

MNRE extends ALMM List-II exemption for net-metering and open-access projects to December 2026
Q5 Advanced

Which categories of projects got a limited exemption from ALMM List-II (solar PV cells) till 31 December 2026, as decided by MNRE on 18 July 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Net-metering and open-access RE projects

MNRE gave the limited window only to net-metering projects and open-access renewable energy projects; there is no blanket extension.

Q6 Advanced

Consider the following statements about MNRE's 18 July 2026 decision on ALMM List-II: 1. ALMM List-II relates to solar PV cells. 2. The earlier exemption for net-metering and open-access projects ran till 31 May 2026. 3. MNRE granted a blanket extension of ALMM List-II applicability for all solar projects. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: MNRE said there will be no blanket extension.

Piyush Goyal concludes Europe visit; co-chairs 3rd India–EU Trade and Technology Council meeting
Q7

Where was the 3rd India–EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) Ministerial Meeting, co-chaired by Piyush Goyal in July 2026, held?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Brussels

Goyal co-chaired the 3rd India–EU TTC Ministerial Meeting in Brussels.

Q8 Advanced

After the EU listed 21 more Indian fishery establishments at the 3rd India–EU TTC, what became the total number of approved Indian establishments?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 625

With 21 more listed, the total of approved Indian fishery establishments reached 625.

Q9 Advanced

With which country did India agree to advance technical talks on interoperability between UPI and that country's 'Bizum' payments platform during Piyush Goyal's July 2026 visit?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — Spain

India and Spain agreed to advance technical discussions on UPI–Bizum interoperability; Goyal also outlined the '10×10×10' vision for India–Spain ties.

NITI Aayog releases Investment Friendliness Index; Gujarat ranks first among Large States
Q10

Which State ranked first among Large States in NITI Aayog's Investment Friendliness Index released in July 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Gujarat

Gujarat ranked first among Large States, followed by Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

Q11 Advanced

Which State topped the Hilly and North-Eastern States category of the Investment Friendliness Index?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand ranked highest among Hilly and North-Eastern States, followed by Assam and Himachal Pradesh.

Q12 Advanced

How many indicators does NITI Aayog's Investment Friendliness Index framework comprise?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 84

The IFI framework has 84 indicators across eight pillars, including investor-perception measures.

Q13 Advanced

Consider the following statements about the Investment Friendliness Index (IFI): 1. The IFI covers all 28 States and 8 Union Territories. 2. Goa topped the City States and Union Territories category. 3. The development of the IFI was announced in the Union Budget 2025–26. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 1, 2 and 3

All three statements are correct as per NITI Aayog's release.

Gati Shakti Vishwavidyalaya confers its first-ever honorary Ph.D. on E. Sreedharan at 4th Convocation
Q14

On whom did Gati Shakti Vishwavidyalaya confer its first-ever honorary Ph.D. at its 4th Convocation on 17 July 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — E. Sreedharan

GSV conferred its first-ever Ph.D. (Honoris Causa) on E. Sreedharan, the 'Metro Man of India'.

Q15 Advanced

Which degree did Gati Shakti Vishwavidyalaya award for the first time at its 4th Convocation?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — MBA in Metro Rail Management

For the first time, GSV awarded an MBA degree in Metro Rail Management.

CCPA imposes ₹1 lakh penalty on SpiceJet for dark patterns on its booking platform
Q16

What penalty did the CCPA impose on SpiceJet for dark patterns on its flight booking platform (announced 17 July 2026)?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — ₹1 lakh

CCPA imposed a penalty of ₹1,00,000 on SpiceJet Limited.

Q17 Advanced

Automatic enrolment of consumers into SpiceJet's loyalty programme through a pre-ticked checkbox was flagged by CCPA as which dark pattern?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Forced Action

CCPA classified the pre-ticked automatic enrolment into the SpiceClub Loyalty Programme as 'Forced Action'.

Centre notifies commencement of National Anti-Doping Act, 2022 and Amendment Act, 2025
Q18

The commencement of which two laws was notified by the Government of India, as announced on 17 July 2026, to strengthen the anti-doping framework?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — National Anti-Doping Act, 2022 and National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Act, 2025

The Government notified the commencement of the National Anti-Doping Act, 2022 and the National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Act, 2025.

Q19 Advanced

India's anti-doping Acts fulfil India's obligations under which international convention?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport

The Acts fulfil India's obligations under the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport and align with the World Anti-Doping Code.

Bharat Tex 2026 draws ₹14,300 crore in textile investment commitments in first three days
Q20

Where is Bharat Tex 2026, described as the world's largest integrated textile event, being held?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi

Bharat Tex 2026 is being held at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi.

Q21 Advanced

About how much textile investment was committed in the first three days of Bharat Tex 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — ₹14,300 crore

Bharat Tex 2026 catalysed around ₹14,300 crore of textile investment commitments with 30+ MoUs.

NITI Aayog launches roadmap to make India a leading bioeconomy powerhouse by 2035
Q22

What bioeconomy size does NITI Aayog's roadmap launched on 16 July 2026 target for India by 2035?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — $691 billion

The roadmap targets $691 billion by 2035 and $2.6 trillion by 2047.

Q23 Advanced

How many National BioMissions does NITI Aayog's bioeconomy roadmap recommend as execution platforms?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — Six

A central recommendation is the creation of six National BioMissions.

Q24 Advanced

As per NITI Aayog's roadmap, what share of India's GDP did the bioeconomy contribute in 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 4.8%

India's bioeconomy was $195.3 billion in 2025, contributing 4.8% to national GDP.

Q25 Advanced

Consider the following statements about the bioeconomy roadmap launched on 16 July 2026: 1. The roadmap was developed by the NITI Frontier Tech Hub. 2. India's bioeconomy grew from $10 billion in 2014 to $195.3 billion in 2025. 3. At the launch, India's first Engineering Biology graduation course was announced. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — 1, 2 and 3

All three statements are correct as per the NITI Aayog and Ministry of Science & Technology releases.

Oceanographer Srinivasa Kumar Tummala appointed Secretary, Ministry of Earth Sciences
Q26

Who was appointed Secretary of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, as announced on 16 July 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Srinivasa Kumar Tummala

The ACC approved the appointment of Dr Srinivasa Kumar Tummala as Secretary, Ministry of Earth Sciences.

Q27 Advanced

Before his appointment as MoES Secretary, Dr Srinivasa Kumar Tummala headed the IOTWMS Secretariat of UNESCO-IOC in which city?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Perth

Tummala was Head of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System Secretariat, UNESCO-IOC, Perth, Australia.

ICAR marks 98th Foundation Day; 386 improved crop varieties developed in the past year
Q28

How many improved crop varieties did ICAR develop over the past year, as stated on its 98th Foundation Day (16 July 2026)?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 386

ICAR developed 386 improved varieties across 44 crops over the past year.

Q29 Advanced

ICAR Foundation Day, observed on 16 July, marks the Council's establishment in which year?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — 1928

ICAR Foundation Day commemorates the establishment of the Council in 1928.

Q30 Advanced

Consider the following statements about the varieties ICAR developed over the past year: 1. The varieties cover 44 crops. 2. 94% of the varieties are climate-resilient. 3. 29 of the varieties are biofortified. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 1, 2 and 3

All three statements are correct: 386 varieties across 44 crops, 94% climate-resilient and 29 biofortified.

India–UK CETA and Double Contribution Convention enter into force
Q31

On which date did the India–UK Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) enter into force?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — 15 July 2026

CETA and the Double Contribution Convention entered into force on 15 July 2026.

Q32 Advanced

India–UK CETA provides zero-duty access to approximately what share of India's exports to the UK?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 99%

CETA gives zero-duty access to nearly 99% of India's exports, covering almost 100% of trade value.

Q33 Advanced

Under the India–UK Double Contribution Convention that came into force with CETA, the exemption period for Indian workers on temporary assignment in the UK was raised to how many years?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 5 years

The DCC exemption from UK social security contributions was increased from 3 years to 5 years.

Q34 Advanced

Consider the following statements about the India–UK CETA: 1. Negotiations were concluded on 6 May 2025 after fourteen rounds. 2. CETA was signed in London on 24 July 2025. 3. The Double Contribution Convention was signed on the same day as CETA. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the Double Contribution Convention was signed later, on 10 February 2026.

Cabinet approves Semicon 2.0 with ₹1,27,500 crore outlay
Q35

What is the total outlay of Semicon 2.0, approved by the Union Cabinet on 15 July 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — ₹1,27,500 crore

Semicon 2.0 has a total budget outlay of ₹1,27,500 crore.

Q36 Advanced

On how many pillars is Semicon 2.0 built?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Six

Semicon 2.0 has six pillars: design, machines and materials, fabs, ATMP/OSAT, R&D, and talent development.

Q37 Advanced

According to the Semicon 2.0 Cabinet release, in which year is India's first semiconductor fab scheduled to be commissioned?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 2028

The release states that the first fab is scheduled to be commissioned in 2028.

Q38 Advanced

Consider the following statements about India's semiconductor programmes: 1. The Semicon India programme was approved by the Cabinet in December 2021 with an outlay of ₹76,000 crore. 2. The India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) was set up under the 2021 programme to drive the sector. 3. Under ISM 1.0, twelve semiconductor manufacturing units have been approved. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — 1, 2 and 3

All three are correct: the Cabinet approved the ₹76,000-crore programme and set up ISM on 15 December 2021, and twelve units have been approved under ISM 1.0.

World Youth Skills Day 2026: IndiaSkills 2026–27 guidelines and Skills Outcomes Fund unveiled
Q39

How many skill categories are covered by the IndiaSkills Competition 2026–27 guidelines unveiled on World Youth Skills Day 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — 63

The guidelines cover 63 industry-relevant skill categories.

Q40 Advanced

What is the approximate size of the proposed Skills Outcomes Fund announced by MSDE on World Youth Skills Day 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — ₹530 crore

MSDE proposed a Skills Outcomes Fund of about ₹530 crore combining government, CSR and philanthropic capital.

CCEA approves National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026)
Q41 Advanced

What Return on Equity (RoE) band does NIPU-2026 introduce for new urea plants?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 12% to 16%

NIPU-2026 introduces a viable RoE band with a floor of 12% and a ceiling of 16%.

Q42

Which body approved the National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026) on 15 July 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs

The CCEA chaired by the Prime Minister approved NIPU-2026 on the proposal of the Department of Fertilizers.

Q43 Advanced

Consider the following statements about urea investment policies: 1. Under the New Investment Policy (NIP)-2012, six new urea units were set up. 2. The investment window under NIP-2012 expired in October 2019. 3. India currently has 33 operational urea manufacturing units. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 1, 2 and 3

All three statements are correct as per the Department of Fertilizers' Cabinet release.

Cabinet approves ₹62,500-crore Mobile Phone Manufacturing Scheme
Q44

What is the budgetary outlay of the Mobile Phone Manufacturing Scheme (MPMS) approved on 15 July 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — ₹62,500 crore

The Cabinet approved MPMS with a budgetary outlay of ₹62,500 crore.

Q45 Advanced

What additional incentive does MPMS provide on eligible sales for design and R&D to build Indian brands?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — 3%

MPMS gives an additional 3% incentive on eligible sales for design and R&D of the product to build Indian brands.

Q46 Advanced

Consider the following statements about the Mobile Phone Manufacturing Scheme (MPMS): 1. The scheme runs from FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31. 2. India is the world's second-largest mobile phone manufacturer by volume. 3. The scheme gives a flat 10% incentive on all eligible sales. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the incentive is at differentiated rates of 2.25% to 5%, with extra incentives for domestic sourcing and design.

Eighth tranche of critical and strategic mineral block auctions launched with 20 blocks
Q47 Advanced

With the eighth tranche launched on 15 July 2026, how many critical mineral blocks have been offered in total so far?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — 88

The eighth tranche takes the total number of critical mineral blocks offered to 88, of which 56 have been auctioned.

Q48

How many critical and strategic mineral blocks are on offer in the eighth tranche of auctions launched on 15 July 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — 20

The eighth tranche comprises 20 critical and strategic mineral blocks across nine States.

PLFS June 2026: unemployment rate steady at 5.5%, LFPR at 54.4%
Q49

What was India's overall unemployment rate (15+ years) in June 2026 as per the PLFS monthly bulletin?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 5.5%

The PLFS June 2026 bulletin put the overall unemployment rate at 5.5%.

Q50 Advanced

What was the female labour force participation rate (15+ years) in June 2026 as per PLFS?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 32.7%

Female LFPR was 32.7% in June 2026, 0.7 percentage points above June 2025 (32.0%).

MoSPI releases first sub-sectoral trial Index of Services Production
Q51

What is the base year of the trial Index of Services Production (ISP) first released by MoSPI in July 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 2024-25

The sub-sectoral trial ISP has base year 2024-25.

Q52 Advanced

The first trial Index of Services Production released in July 2026 covers how many sub-sectors?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — 19

The ISP was released for 19 sub-sectors covering about 60% of the services sector.

Q53 Advanced

Consider the following statements about the Index of Services Production (ISP): 1. The 19 sub-sectors cover about 60% of the services sector. 2. Subsequent ISPs will be released on the 29th of every month. 3. The Technical Advisory Committee on ISP was constituted in May 2025. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 1, 2 and 3

All three are correct: ~60% coverage, release on the 29th of each month, and TAC-ISP constituted in May 2025 (report released 7 July 2026).

Railways unveils eight more reforms under 'Reform Express'
Q54

What is the target of the Railways' 'Reform Express' initiative announced by Ashwini Vaishnaw?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 52 reforms in 52 weeks

The Ministry's target is 52 reforms in 52 weeks; after 14 July 2026 the total stood at 17.

Q55 Advanced

After the eight reforms announced on 14 July 2026, how many reforms had been implemented under 'Reform Express'?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — 17

Eight new reforms took the total under Reform Express to 17.

Q56 Advanced

According to the Railways, about what share of India's annual fly ash generation did Indian Railways transport in 2025-26?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — About 4%

Railways moved about 13 million tonnes of the roughly 340 million tonnes generated, nearly 4%.

Rajnath Singh flags off 'Shaurya Vijay Yatra' for Kargil Vijay Diwas 2026
Q57

Where does the 'Shaurya Vijay Yatra' flagged off on 14 July 2026 culminate?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Kargil War Memorial, Dras

The expedition runs from the National War Memorial, New Delhi to the Kargil War Memorial in Dras, Ladakh.

Q58 Advanced

What is the motto of the 'Shaurya Vijay Yatra' motorcycle expedition for Kargil Vijay Diwas 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — One Ride, One Nation, One Salute

The motto of the 13-day, 1,900 km expedition is 'One Ride, One Nation, One Salute'.

First round of India–Maldives FTA negotiations concludes
Q59

The first round of India–Maldives FTA negotiations in 2026 was held in which mode?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Virtual mode

The first round was held in virtual mode from 29 June to 7 July 2026.

Q60 Advanced

Who led India's negotiating team in the first round of India–Maldives FTA negotiations?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — Ujjwal Kumar Ghosh

Chief Negotiator Ujjwal Kumar Ghosh, Joint Secretary, Department of Commerce, led India; Yusuf Riza led the Maldives.

Q61 Advanced

Consider the following statements about India–Maldives economic ties as of July 2026: 1. India is the second-largest trading partner of the Maldives. 2. Bilateral trade in 2025–26 was about USD 771.76 million. 3. The two countries are marking 50 years of diplomatic relations. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: India and the Maldives are commemorating 60 years of diplomatic relations.

WPI inflation rises to 9.87% in June 2026
Q62

What was the all-India WPI inflation rate (year-on-year) for June 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — 9.87%

WPI inflation was 9.87% in June 2026, up from 9.68% in May 2026.

Q63 Advanced

Which major group of the WPI recorded the highest year-on-year inflation in June 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Fuel and Power

Fuel and Power inflation was 27.41%, against 7.0% for Primary Articles and 7.48% for Manufactured Products.

Q64 Advanced

Consider the following statements about the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) released in July 2026: 1. The current WPI series has base year 2022-23. 2. Provisional WPI for a month is released on the 14th of the following month. 3. The WPI Food Index has a weight of about 24.99%. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 1, 2 and 3

All three are correct: base 2022-23, release on the 14th of the next month (or next working day), and Food Index weight 24.99%.

India women beat England by 270 runs in first women's Test at Lord's
Q65

By what margin did India beat England in the first women's Test at Lord's in July 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 270 runs

India won the one-off Test at Lord's by 270 runs on 13 July 2026.

Q66 Advanced

Who was named Player of the Match in India's Test win over England at Lord's in July 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Kranti Gaud

Kranti Gaud was Player of the Match for 5-37 and 2-54.

Q67 Advanced

Consider the following statements about the India–England women's Test at Lord's in July 2026: 1. It was the first women's Test match ever played at Lord's. 2. Yastika Bhatia scored a century in India's second innings. 3. It was the first match of a three-Test series. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct (Bhatia made 113). Statement 3 is wrong: it was a one-off Test.

Retail inflation rises to 4.38% in June 2026
Q68

What was India's CPI-based retail inflation (provisional) for June 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — 4.38%

Retail inflation was 4.38% in June 2026, up from 3.93% in May.

Q69 Advanced

What was the food inflation based on the Consumer Food Price Index (CFPI) in June 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 5.32%

CFPI-based food inflation was 5.32% in June 2026, against 4.78% in May.

Q70 Advanced

Consider the following statements about the CPI data for June 2026: 1. The CPI series used has base year 2024=100. 2. Rural inflation was higher than urban inflation. 3. Housing inflation was above headline inflation. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct (rural 4.74% vs urban 3.92%). Statement 3 is wrong: housing inflation was 2.10%, below the headline 4.38%.

MeitY and Drone Federation India launch NIDAR 2.0
Q71

NIDAR 2.0, launched by MeitY in July 2026, is a national innovation challenge in which field?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Drone application and research

NIDAR stands for National Innovation Challenge for Drone Application and Research.

Q72 Advanced

The VEGA processor, around which NIDAR 2.0 teams must design a flight controller, is based on which architecture and developed by which body?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — RISC-V architecture; C-DAC

VEGA is a family of indigenous microprocessors designed by C-DAC under MeitY's Microprocessor Development Programme, based on the open-standard RISC-V architecture.

India's April–June 2026-27 exports rise 11.37% to US$ 232.73 billion
Q73

What were India's estimated total exports (merchandise and services) in April–June 2026-27?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — US$ 232.73 billion

Total exports were estimated at US$ 232.73 billion, up 11.37% from US$ 208.98 billion.

Q74 Advanced

Which merchandise export group recorded the highest year-on-year growth in June 2026 among the major drivers named by the Commerce Ministry?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Gems & Jewellery

Gems & Jewellery grew 34.64%, ahead of engineering goods (20.74%), electronic goods (18.93%) and rice (16.48%).

All five Indian students win gold at 56th International Physics Olympiad
Q75

Where was the 56th International Physics Olympiad (IPhO) 2026 held?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Bucaramanga, Colombia

The 56th IPhO 2026 was held in Bucaramanga, Colombia.

Q76 Advanced

How many gold medals did the Indian contingent win at the 56th International Physics Olympiad 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — Five

All five members of the Indian contingent won gold medals.

CCI fines HP India ₹11.98 crore for cartelisation in printer supplies
Q77

What penalty did the Competition Commission of India impose on HP India by its order dated 13 July 2026?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — ₹11.98 crore

CCI imposed ₹11.98 crore on HP India and about ₹2.30 crore combined on sixteen resellers.

Q78 Advanced

The CCI case against HP India and its resellers arose from a lesser penalty application filed by HP India under which section of the Competition Act, 2002?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Section 46

HP India filed a lesser penalty (leniency) application under Section 46; the penalty itself was imposed under Section 27 for violating Section 3(3)(d) read with 3(1).