📑 Is page ke topics (Jump to Topic):
📌 1. 8 Parts of Speech — ek nazar mein
| Part | Kaam | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Noun | Kisi vyakti, jagah, cheez ya idea ka naam | Ram, Delhi, honesty |
| Pronoun | Noun ki jagah aata hai | he, it, who, myself |
| Adjective | Noun/pronoun ki quality ya quantity batata hai | tall, five, some |
| Verb | Action ya state batata hai | run, is, seem |
| Adverb | Verb, adjective ya dusre adverb ko modify karta hai | quickly, very, often |
| Preposition | Noun/pronoun ka dusre word se relation batata hai | in, on, at, with |
| Conjunction | Words/clauses ko jodta hai | and, but, because |
| Interjection | Achanak bhaav (emotion) | Alas! Hurrah! Oh! |
💡 Yaad rakhne ki trick: Part of speech word ka kaam dekh kar decide hota hai, word ko dekh kar nahi. "Light" noun (the light), verb (light the lamp) aur adjective (light bag) — teeno ho sakta hai.
📌 2. Noun aur uske types
- Proper — khaas naam: India, Ganga, Sachin. Capital letter se shuru.
- Common — ek class ka naam: boy, city, river.
- Collective — group ka naam: team, jury, flock, herd, army.
- Material — padarth: gold, milk, cotton (uncountable).
- Abstract — jise chhoo nahi sakte: honesty, childhood, freedom, poverty.
| Rule | Example |
|---|---|
| Ye nouns hamesha singular: information, advice, furniture, luggage, baggage, equipment, scenery, machinery, poetry, news | The furniture is new. (not furnitures) |
| Ye hamesha plural: cattle, police, people, poultry, scissors, trousers, spectacles, alms | The police have arrived. |
| Number + noun jab adjective ho to singular: a five-rupee note, a ten-mile walk | a two-year course |
| Dozen, hundred, score number ke baad singular: two dozen eggs | five hundred rupees |
📌 3. Pronoun — types aur case
- Personal: I, we, you, he, she, it, they. Reflexive/Emphatic: myself, themselves.
- Relative: who (subject), whom (object), whose, which, that. Interrogative: who? what? which?
- Demonstrative: this, that, these, those. Indefinite: someone, anybody, none. Distributive: each, either, neither.
- Preposition ke baad hamesha objective case: between you and me (not I).
- Than/as ke baad case verb se decide hota hai: He is taller than I (am).
- Order: 2-3-1 (you, he and I) normal sentence mein; galti maanne mein 1-2-3 (I, you and he are to blame).
📌 4. Adjective aur Degrees of Comparison
| Degree | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive | Ek cheez ki baat / as…as | as tall as |
| Comparative | Do ki tulna + than | taller than |
| Superlative | Teen ya zyada mein sabse — the | the tallest |
- Latin comparatives (senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior, prefer) ke saath to lagta hai, than nahi: He is senior to me.
- Double comparative galat: more better ❌ → better ✅.
- Few (countable, almost none) vs a few (kuch); little (uncountable, almost none) vs a little. Fewer books, less water.
- Adjective order (OSASCOMP): Opinion-Size-Age-Shape-Colour-Origin-Material-Purpose → a beautiful small old round red Indian wooden dining table.
📌 5. Verb, Adverb aur baaki parts
- Transitive verb ko object chahiye (She wrote a letter); intransitive ko nahi (She laughed). Linking verbs: is, seem, become, look, feel — inke baad adjective aata hai (She looks happy, not happily).
- Gerund = verb+ing jo noun ka kaam kare (Swimming is good). Participle = verb+ing/ed jo adjective ka kaam kare (a running train). Infinitive = to + V1.
- Adverb types: manner (slowly), time (now), place (here), frequency (always), degree (very, too).
- Hard = mehnat se, hardly = mushkil se hi (negative). Late = der se, lately = haal hi mein.
- Conjunction pairs (correlatives): either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, both…and, no sooner…than, hardly…when, though…yet.
⚠️ Exam Traps:
- "Too" negative sense deta hai (too hot to drink); positive ke liye "very" use karo.
- "Lest" ke baad "should" aata hai, "not" nahi: Work hard lest you should fail.
- "The then PM" — yahan "then" adjective hai.
📌 6. Practice MCQs
📝 Practice MCQs (SF Prep dwara taiyar — PYQ nahi)
Q1. Identify the part of speech of the underlined word: She ran fast to catch the bus. Practice
सही उत्तर: (B) Adverb
व्याख्या: 'fast' verb 'ran' ko modify kar raha hai (kaise bhaagi?), isliye adverb.
व्याख्या: 'fast' verb 'ran' ko modify kar raha hai (kaise bhaagi?), isliye adverb.
Q2. Identify the part of speech of the underlined word: This is a fast train. Practice
सही उत्तर: (D) Adjective
व्याख्या: Yahan 'fast' noun 'train' ki quality bata raha hai, isliye adjective.
व्याख्या: Yahan 'fast' noun 'train' ki quality bata raha hai, isliye adjective.
Q3. Which of the following is an abstract noun? Practice
सही उत्तर: (B) Bravery
व्याख्या: Bravery ek quality hai jise chhoo nahi sakte — abstract noun. Army collective, gold material, Kolkata proper noun hai.
व्याख्या: Bravery ek quality hai jise chhoo nahi sakte — abstract noun. Army collective, gold material, Kolkata proper noun hai.
Q4. Choose the collective noun. Practice
सही उत्तर: (C) Flock
व्याख्या: Flock ek group (bhedon ka jhund) ka naam hai — collective noun.
व्याख्या: Flock ek group (bhedon ka jhund) ka naam hai — collective noun.
Q5. Choose the correct sentence. Practice
सही उत्तर: (A) Please give me some information.
व्याख्या: 'Information' uncountable hai — iska plural ya 'an' nahi lagta.
व्याख्या: 'Information' uncountable hai — iska plural ya 'an' nahi lagta.
Q6. Choose the correct option: He bought a ______ note. Practice
सही उत्तर: (B) five-hundred-rupee
व्याख्या: Number + noun jab adjective ki tarah aaye to noun singular rehta hai: a five-hundred-rupee note.
व्याख्या: Number + noun jab adjective ki tarah aaye to noun singular rehta hai: a five-hundred-rupee note.
Q7. Choose the correct option: This matter is strictly between you and ______. Practice
सही उत्तर: (D) me
व्याख्या: Preposition 'between' ke baad objective case 'me' aata hai.
व्याख्या: Preposition 'between' ke baad objective case 'me' aata hai.
Q8. Choose the correct option: He is senior ______ me by two years. Practice
सही उत्तर: (A) to
व्याख्या: Senior, junior, superior, inferior jaise Latin comparatives ke saath 'to' lagta hai.
व्याख्या: Senior, junior, superior, inferior jaise Latin comparatives ke saath 'to' lagta hai.
Q9. Identify the error: This is the more better option of the two. Practice
सही उत्तर: (C) more better
व्याख्या: 'Better' already comparative hai; 'more better' double comparative hai. Sahi: the better option.
व्याख्या: 'Better' already comparative hai; 'more better' double comparative hai. Sahi: the better option.
Q10. Choose the correct option: There is ______ milk in the jug; we can't make tea. Practice
सही उत्तर: (B) little
व्याख्या: 'Little' = lagbhag nahi (negative sense); milk uncountable hai. 'We can't make tea' negative sense confirm karta hai.
व्याख्या: 'Little' = lagbhag nahi (negative sense); milk uncountable hai. 'We can't make tea' negative sense confirm karta hai.
Q11. Choose the correct option: She looks ______ in her new dress. Practice
सही उत्तर: (C) beautiful
व्याख्या: 'Look' yahan linking verb hai, iske baad adjective aata hai — beautiful.
व्याख्या: 'Look' yahan linking verb hai, iske baad adjective aata hai — beautiful.
Q12. In the sentence 'Swimming is a good exercise', the word 'Swimming' is a: Practice
सही उत्तर: (D) Gerund
व्याख्या: Verb+ing jo subject (noun) ka kaam kar raha hai — gerund.
व्याख्या: Verb+ing jo subject (noun) ka kaam kar raha hai — gerund.
Q13. Choose the correct option: Work hard lest you ______ fail. Practice
सही उत्तर: (A) should
व्याख्या: 'Lest' khud negative hai; iske baad 'should' aata hai, 'not' nahi.
व्याख्या: 'Lest' khud negative hai; iske baad 'should' aata hai, 'not' nahi.
Q14. Identify the correct order of adjectives. Practice
सही उत्तर: (C) a lovely old red brick house
व्याख्या: Order: opinion (lovely) → age (old) → colour (red) → material (brick).
व्याख्या: Order: opinion (lovely) → age (old) → colour (red) → material (brick).
Q15. Choose the word that is always plural. Practice
सही उत्तर: (A) Cattle
व्याख्या: Cattle hamesha plural verb leta hai (The cattle are grazing). Baaki teen uncountable singular hain.
व्याख्या: Cattle hamesha plural verb leta hai (The cattle are grazing). Baaki teen uncountable singular hain.
Q16. Choose the correct option: He is ______ honest to tell a lie. Practice
सही उत्तर: (D) too
व्याख्या: 'Too…to' negative sense deta hai: itna imaandaar ki jhooth nahi bolega.
व्याख्या: 'Too…to' negative sense deta hai: itna imaandaar ki jhooth nahi bolega.
Q17. Identify the part of speech of 'Alas' in 'Alas! He is no more.' Practice
सही उत्तर: (B) Interjection
व्याख्या: Achanak dukh ka bhaav — interjection.
व्याख्या: Achanak dukh ka bhaav — interjection.
Q18. Choose the correct option: Neither the manager ______ his assistant was present. Practice
सही उत्तर: (D) nor
व्याख्या: 'Neither' ka pair hamesha 'nor' hota hai.
व्याख्या: 'Neither' ka pair hamesha 'nor' hota hai.
Q19. Identify the part of speech of the underlined word: He has been working hard lately. Practice
सही उत्तर: (B) Adverb
व्याख्या: 'Lately' = haal hi mein; ye time batane wala adverb hai.
व्याख्या: 'Lately' = haal hi mein; ye time batane wala adverb hai.
Q20. Choose the correct option: I could ______ recognise him after so many years. Practice
सही उत्तर: (C) hardly
व्याख्या: 'Hardly' = mushkil se hi. 'Hard' ka matlab mehnat se — yahan fit nahi.
व्याख्या: 'Hardly' = mushkil se hi. 'Hard' ka matlab mehnat se — yahan fit nahi.