🔤 Parts of Speech

📌 1. The 8 Parts of Speech at a Glance

📌 2. Nouns and their Types

• Proper — a particular name: India, Ganga, Sachin. Begins with a capital letter.
• Common — name of a class: boy, city, river.
• Collective — name of a group: team, jury, flock, herd, army.
• Material — substances: gold, milk, cotton (uncountable).
• Abstract — cannot be touched: honesty, childhood, freedom, poverty.

📌 3. Pronouns — Types and Case

• Personal: I, we, you, he, she, it, they. Reflexive/Emphatic: myself, themselves.
• Relative: who (subject), whom (object), whose, which, that. Interrogative: who? what? which?
• Demonstrative: this, that, these, those. Indefinite: someone, anybody, none. Distributive: each, either, neither.
• After a preposition always use the objective case: between you and me (not I).
• After than/as, case follows the understood verb: He is taller than I (am).
• Order: 2-3-1 (you, he and I) normally; when admitting fault 1-2-3 (I, you and he are to blame).

📌 4. Adjectives and Degrees of Comparison

• Latin comparatives (senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior, prefer) take to, not than: He is senior to me.
• Double comparatives are wrong: more better ❌ → better ✅.
• Few (countable, hardly any) vs a few (some); little (uncountable, hardly any) vs a little. Fewer books, less water.
• Adjective order (OSASCOMP): Opinion-Size-Age-Shape-Colour-Origin-Material-Purpose → a beautiful small old round red Indian wooden dining table.

📌 5. Verbs, Adverbs and the Rest

• Transitive verbs need an object (She wrote a letter); intransitive do not (She laughed). Linking verbs: is, seem, become, look, feel — followed by an adjective (She looks happy, not happily).
• Gerund = verb+ing acting as a noun (Swimming is good). Participle = verb+ing/ed acting as an adjective (a running train). Infinitive = to + V1.
• Adverb types: manner (slowly), time (now), place (here), frequency (always), degree (very, too).
• Hard = with effort, hardly = scarcely (negative). Late = not on time, lately = recently.
• Correlative pairs: either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, both…and, no sooner…than, hardly…when, though…yet.

📌 6. Practice MCQs