📑 Topics on this page (Jump to Topic):
📌 1. Plant Tissues
- Tissue — a group of cells with similar origin, structure and function. Its study is histology.
- Meristematic tissue — continuously dividing cells: apical (root/shoot tips — length), lateral (cambium — girth), intercalary (at the base of internodes, in grasses).
- Simple permanent tissues: parenchyma (food storage; with chloroplasts = chlorenchyma), collenchyma (flexibility), sclerenchyma (dead, lignified, hardness; coconut husk fibre).
- Complex tissues: xylem — water and minerals upward (tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibres); phloem — food translocation in both directions (sieve tubes, companion cells).
- A tree's age is found by counting annual rings (secondary xylem) — dendrochronology.
📌 2. Animal Tissues
| Tissue | Types / examples |
|---|---|
| Epithelial | Squamous (skin, mouth), cuboidal (kidney tubules, glands), columnar (intestine), ciliated (trachea) |
| Connective | Blood, lymph, bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament, adipose |
| Muscular | Striated (voluntary), unstriated (involuntary), cardiac (involuntary, striated) |
| Nervous | Neuron — dendrites, cell body (cyton), axon |
- Tendon joins muscle to bone; ligament joins bone to bone.
- Bone — calcium and phosphorus (calcium phosphate), protein ossein; cartilage — chondrin, flexible (nose, outer ear).
- Blood — fluid connective tissue: plasma (~55%; 90% water) + corpuscles. RBC (haemoglobin, lifespan ~120 days, made in bone marrow), WBC (immunity), platelets (clotting).
- The human body has ~5–6 litres of blood; blood pH ~7.4 (slightly alkaline). The "graveyard" of RBCs — the spleen.
⚠️ Exam Traps:
- Cardiac muscle is involuntary yet striated.
- Xylem is mostly dead cells; phloem sieve tubes are living.
- Tendon = muscle-bone, ligament = bone-bone — do not swap.
📌 3. Practice MCQs
📝 Practice MCQs (prepared by SF Prep — not PYQs)
Q1. The study of tissues is called: Practice
Correct answer: (C)
Study of cells is cytology.
Study of cells is cytology.
Q2. Which tissue transports water and minerals in plants? Practice
Correct answer: (C)
Upward from roots to leaves.
Upward from roots to leaves.
Q3. Food is translocated in plants by: Practice
Correct answer: (B)
Sieve tubes and companion cells.
Sieve tubes and companion cells.
Q4. Increase in girth of a stem is due to: Practice
Correct answer: (D)
Apical meristem increases length.
Apical meristem increases length.
Q5. The method of finding the age of a tree is: Practice
Correct answer: (C)
By counting annual rings.
By counting annual rings.
Q6. Coconut husk fibres are made of: Practice
Correct answer: (C)
Dead, lignified hard cells.
Dead, lignified hard cells.
Q7. Muscle is joined to bone by: Practice
Correct answer: (D)
A ligament joins bone to bone.
A ligament joins bone to bone.
Q8. Bone is joined to bone by: Practice
Correct answer: (A)
A tendon joins muscle to bone.
A tendon joins muscle to bone.
Q9. Blood is which type of tissue? Practice
Correct answer: (C)
Plasma is its matrix.
Plasma is its matrix.
Q10. The normal lifespan of a human RBC is about: Practice
Correct answer: (B)
Made in bone marrow, destroyed in spleen.
Made in bone marrow, destroyed in spleen.
Q11. The "graveyard of RBCs" is the: Practice
Correct answer: (A)
Old RBCs are destroyed in the spleen.
Old RBCs are destroyed in the spleen.
Q12. The pH of human blood is about: Practice
Correct answer: (B)
Slightly alkaline.
Slightly alkaline.
Q13. Cardiac muscle is: Practice
Correct answer: (B)
Contracts tirelessly throughout life.
Contracts tirelessly throughout life.
Q14. Which epithelium lines the intestine? Practice
Correct answer: (D)
Absorption and secretion.
Absorption and secretion.
Q15. Which epithelium is found in the trachea? Practice
Correct answer: (A)
Cilia push dust particles out.
Cilia push dust particles out.
Q16. The part of a neuron carrying impulses away from the cell body is the: Practice
Correct answer: (D)
Dendrites carry impulses towards the cell body.
Dendrites carry impulses towards the cell body.
Q17. The nose tip and outer ear are made of: Practice
Correct answer: (A)
Chondrin matrix — flexible.
Chondrin matrix — flexible.
Q18. The meristem at the base of internodes in grasses is: Practice
Correct answer: (A)
Lets grass regrow after grazing.
Lets grass regrow after grazing.
Q19. Parenchyma containing chloroplasts is called: Practice
Correct answer: (D)
Air-filled parenchyma in aquatic plants = aerenchyma.
Air-filled parenchyma in aquatic plants = aerenchyma.
Q20. Bone mainly contains: Practice
Correct answer: (B)
Along with the protein ossein.
Along with the protein ossein.