SF Prep Notes

Persons in News Current Affairs Quiz — All time

Daily news by your exam, state and topic — each with a short summary, key facts and MCQs.

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275 news · 580 MCQs
Score: 0 / 0 attempted · 64 questions
President nominates Ujjwal Nikam, C. Sadanandan Master, Harsh Vardhan Shringla and Meenakshi Jain to Rajya Sabha
Q1

Which former Foreign Secretary was nominated to the Rajya Sabha by the President in July 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Harsh Vardhan Shringla

The Hindu and Indian Express: former Foreign Secretary Harsh Vardhan Shringla was among the four nominated to the Rajya Sabha (MHA notification, 12 July 2025).

Q2 Advanced

Consider the following statements regarding nominated members of the Rajya Sabha: 1. The President nominates twelve members under Article 80(1)(a). 2. Nominated members must have special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art and social service. 3. The four persons nominated in July 2025 filled seats newly created by Parliament. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct per Article 80(1)(a) and 80(3). Statement 3 is wrong: the notification says the nominations fill vacancies caused by the retirement of nominated members.

Q3 Advanced

Under which Article of the Constitution did the President nominate four members to the Rajya Sabha in July 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — Article 80

MHA notification: 'In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-clause (a) of clause (1) of article 80 ... read with clause (3) of that article'.

Q4 Advanced

Ujjwal Nikam, nominated to the Rajya Sabha in July 2025, is known as the Special Public Prosecutor in which case?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks case

The Hindu and Indian Express: Ujjwal Nikam is the Special Public Prosecutor in the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks case.

Parliament pays tribute to Dr Syama Prasad Mookerjee on birth anniversary
Q5

Dr Syama Prasad Mookerjee served as independent India's first Minister of which portfolio?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Industry and Supply

Lok Sabha Secretariat: Dr Mookerjee served as independent India's first Minister for Industry and Supply.

Q6 Advanced

Which of the following public sector undertakings is NOT among the three credited to Dr Syama Prasad Mookerjee in the Lok Sabha Secretariat's tribute of 6 July 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — Bhilai Steel Plant

Lok Sabha Secretariat: he established three major PSUs: Chittaranjan Locomotive Factory, the Sindri Fertilizer Corporation and the Hindustan Aircraft Factory (now HAL). The Bhilai Steel Plant is not listed.

Dalai Lama turns 90; celebrations at Tsuglagkhang, Dharamshala
Q7

The Chief Minister of which state attended the Dalai Lama's 90th birthday celebrations in Dharamshala on 6 July 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — Arunachal Pradesh

Indian Express and NDTV: Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister Pema Khandu attended the celebrations at Tsuglagkhang.

Q8 Advanced

In his 90th-birthday greeting to the Dalai Lama, PM Modi said he joined how many Indians in extending warmest wishes?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — 1.4 billion

PMO: 'I join 1.4 billion Indians in extending our warmest wishes to His Holiness the Dalai Lama on his 90th birthday.'

Q9 Advanced

At which temple complex in Dharamshala were the Dalai Lama's 90th birthday celebrations held on 6 July 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Tsuglagkhang

The Hindu (Reuters), Indian Express and NDTV: the celebrations were held at the Tsuglagkhang temple complex in McLeodganj, Dharamshala.

Homage to Babu Jagjivan Ram at Samta Sthal on 39th death anniversary
Q10

What is the name of the samadhi of Babu Jagjivan Ram in New Delhi, where homage was paid on 6 July 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Samta Sthal

MoSJ&E: the homage function was organised at Samta Sthal, the samadhi of Babu Jagjivan Ram, at Delhi Gate, New Delhi.

PM pays tribute to Ram Vilas Paswan on his Jayanti
Q11

On 5 July 2025, PM Modi paid tribute on his Jayanti to which former Union Minister, saying his whole life was dedicated to social justice?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Ram Vilas Paswan

PMO: the Prime Minister paid tribute to former Union Minister Ram Vilas Paswan on the occasion of his Jayanti.

PM pays tribute to Swami Vivekananda on his Punya Tithi
Q12

On 4 July 2025, PM Modi paid tribute on his Punya Tithi to which figure, saying his thoughts remain 'our guiding light'?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Swami Vivekananda

PMO: the Prime Minister paid tribute to Swami Vivekananda Ji on his Punya Tithi, saying his thoughts and vision for our society remain our guiding light.

PM Modi becomes first Indian PM to address Ghana's Parliament; pays tribute at Nkrumah Memorial Park
Q13

On 3 July 2025, PM Narendra Modi became the first Indian Prime Minister to address the Parliament of which country?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Ghana

PMO: Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi addressed a special session of the Parliament of Ghana, becoming the first Indian Prime Minister to do so.

Q14 Advanced

Who convened the special session of Ghana's Parliament addressed by PM Modi on 3 July 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Speaker Alban Kingsford Sumana Bagbin

PMO: the session was convened by the Speaker of Parliament, Alban Kingsford Sumana Bagbin.

Q15 Advanced

At the Nkrumah Memorial Park in Accra on 3 July 2025, PM Modi was accompanied by whom?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Vice President Naana Jane Opoku-Agyemang

PMO: at the Nkrumah Memorial Park, Prime Minister was accompanied by the Vice President of Ghana, Prof. Naana Jane Opoku-Agyemang.

Q16 Advanced

Consider the following about PM Modi's address to Ghana's Parliament (3 July 2025): 1. He quoted Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana's founding President. 2. He recalled that the African Union became a permanent member of the G20 during India's Presidency. 3. He thanked President John Dramani Mahama for the National Honour conferred on him. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 1, 2 and 3

All three are correct (PMO): he quoted Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, recalled the African Union's permanent G20 membership during India's Presidency, and thanked President Mahama and the people of Ghana for the National Honour.

PM Modi interacts with Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla aboard the ISS
Q17

During his interaction with PM Modi on 28 June 2025, how many orbits of the Earth did Shubhanshu Shukla say the ISS crew completes in a day?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — 16

PIB: Shukla said they complete 16 orbits a day, witnessing 16 sunrises and 16 sunsets.

Q18 Advanced

What approximate speed of the space station did Shubhanshu Shukla mention during the interaction with the Prime Minister?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — Nearly 28,000 km per hour

PIB: Shukla said they were travelling at a speed of nearly 28,000 km per hour.

Q19 Advanced

Consider the following statements about the PM–Shubhanshu Shukla interaction of 28 June 2025: 1. Shukla said he shared carrot halwa, moong dal halwa and aam ras with fellow astronauts. 2. The interaction took place after Shukla had returned to Earth. 3. Shukla said that a short while earlier the station had passed over Hawaii. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — 1 and 3 only

PIB: statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: Shukla was aboard the ISS and the interaction was by videoconference.

Q20 Advanced

According to Shubhanshu Shukla, the first experiment scheduled on the day of his interaction with the PM studied which subject?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Stem cells and whether supplements can prevent or delay muscle loss in microgravity

PIB: the first experiment that day focused on stem cells, testing whether specific supplements can prevent or delay muscle loss caused by the absence of gravity.

Q21 Advanced

Which of the following was NOT part of the 'homework' PM Modi set for Shubhanshu Shukla on 28 June 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — Landing an Indian astronaut on Mars

PIB: the PM said India must move forward with Mission Gaganyaan, build its own space station and land an Indian astronaut on the Moon. Mars was not mentioned.

PM Modi addresses centenary celebrations of Jain Acharya Vidyanand Ji Muniraj
Q22

Where did PM Modi address the centenary celebrations of Acharya Shri Vidyanand Ji Muniraj on 28 June 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi

PIB: the PM addressed the centenary celebrations in Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.

Q23 Advanced

Which title was conferred on PM Narendra Modi at the centenary celebrations of Acharya Vidyanand Ji Muniraj?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — Dharm Chakravarti

PIB: the PM said he had been conferred the title of 'Dharm Chakravarti' on the occasion.

Q24 Advanced

Prakrit was among five languages granted classical language status by the Union Cabinet on 3 October 2024. Which of the following was NOT among those five?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Maithili

PIB (3 Oct 2024): the Cabinet conferred classical status on Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese and Bengali. Maithili was not among them.

PM addresses centenary of Sree Narayana Guru–Mahatma Gandhi conversation
Q25

The centenary celebrated at Vigyan Bhawan on 24 June 2025 marked 100 years of a historic conversation between Sree Narayana Guru and whom?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Mahatma Gandhi

PIB: the PM addressed the centenary celebration of the historic conversation between Sree Narayana Guru and Mahatma Gandhi.

Q26 Advanced

Which place, associated with the Sivagiri Math, did the PM say has long been referred to as the 'Kashi of the South'?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Varkala

PIB: the PM mentioned that Varkala has long been referred to as the Kashi of the South.

Q27 Advanced

Consider the following statements in the context of the PM's address on 24 June 2025: 1. Sree Narayana Guru established the Sharada Mutt at Sivagiri, dedicated to Goddess Saraswati. 2. The centenary celebration was held at the Sivagiri Math in Varkala. 3. The Guru's mantra 'Oru Jati, Oru Matham, Oru Daivam, Manushyanu' means 'One caste, one religion, one God for mankind'. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — 1 and 3 only

PIB: the Guru established the Sharada Mutt at Sivagiri dedicated to Goddess Saraswati, and the mantra means 'One caste, one religion, one God for mankind'. The event was held at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, not at Sivagiri. So 1 and 3 only.

VP pays homage to Syama Prasad Mookerjee on Balidan Diwas at AIU meet
Q28

Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar addressed the 99th Annual Meet and National Conference of Vice Chancellors on 23 June 2025. Which body organised it?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Association of Indian Universities (AIU)

PIB: the 99th Annual Meet and National Conference of Vice Chancellors (2024–2025) was organised by the Association of Indian Universities (AIU) at Gautam Buddha Nagar.

Q29 Advanced

The slogan 'Ek Vidhan, Ek Nishan, Ek Pradhan', recalled by the Vice-President on 23 June 2025, was given by whom during a campaign in Jammu and Kashmir in 1952?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Syama Prasad Mookerjee

PIB: the Vice-President said Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee gave the slogan 'Ek Vidhan, Ek Nishan, Ek Pradhan' during the campaign in Jammu and Kashmir in 1952.

Q30 Advanced

Consider the following statements made by the Vice-President on 23 June 2025: 1. Article 370 was abrogated on 5 August 2019. 2. The legal challenge to the abrogation failed in the Supreme Court on 11 December 2023. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2

PIB: the Vice-President said Article 370 was abrogated on 5th August 2019, and the legal challenge to the Supreme Court failed on 11 December 2023. Both are correct.

President Droupadi Murmu joins mass yoga demonstration in Dehradun
Q31

Where did President Droupadi Murmu take part in a mass yoga demonstration on International Yoga Day 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Uttarakhand State Police Line Maidan, Dehradun

PIB (President's Secretariat): The President participated in a mass yoga demonstration at the Uttarakhand State Police Line Maidan, Dehradun on June 21, 2025.

Q32 Advanced

Consider the following statements about the President's remarks on International Yoga Day 2025: 1. The President said that since 2015, yoga has become a common heritage of the entire humanity. 2. The President said that 'yoga' means 'to control'. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 1 only

PIB (President's Secretariat): The President said that since 2015 yoga has become a common heritage of the entire humanity, and that 'Yoga' means 'to connect', not 'to control'. So the answer is 1 only.

Sivasubramanian Ramann takes charge as PFRDA Chairperson
Q33

Who assumed charge as Chairperson of the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) on 20 June 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Sivasubramanian Ramann

PIB (Finance): Shri Sivasubramanian Ramann assumed charge as the Chairperson of PFRDA on 20th June 2025.

Q34 Advanced

What is the tenure of the PFRDA Chairperson appointed by the notification dated 8 April 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Five years or till age 65, whichever is earlier

PIB (Finance): He was appointed for five years or till age 65, whichever is earlier: a tenure of five years from assumption of charge, or till he attains the age of 65 years, or until further orders, whichever is the earliest.

Q35 Advanced

The PFRDA Act, under which PFRDA became a statutory body, came into effect on which date?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 1 February 2014

PFRDA (pfrda.org.in): The interim PFRDA was set up on 23 August 2003; it became a statutory entity after the PFRDA Act was enacted on 19 September 2013, which came into effect on 1 February 2014.

President opens Rashtrapati Tapovan and Rashtrapati Niketan in Dehradun to the public
Q36

Rashtrapati Tapovan and Rashtrapati Niketan, opened for public visits by President Droupadi Murmu on 20 June 2025, are located in which city?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Dehradun

PIB (President's Secretariat): The President graced the opening of Rashtrapati Tapovan and Rashtrapati Niketan at Dehradun on June 20, 2025.

Q37 Advanced

Rashtrapati Udyan, whose foundation stone the President laid at Rashtrapati Niketan on 20 June 2025, is planned as what?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — A 132-acre Net-Zero public park fully accessible to Divyangjan

PIB (President's Secretariat): Rashtrapati Udyan is planned as a 132-acre Net-Zero public park fully accessible to Divyangjan, and a community engagement hub.

Q38 Advanced

Consider the following statements about the Presidential estates in Dehradun: 1. Rashtrapati Niketan was established as a Presidential Retreat in 1976. 2. Rashtrapati Tapovan spans 21 acres. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 1 only

PIB (President's Secretariat): Rashtrapati Niketan was established in 1976 as a Presidential Retreat and spans 21 acres; Rashtrapati Tapovan is a 19-acre estate. So the answer is 1 only.

PM marks 300th birth anniversary of Lokmata Devi Ahilyabai Holkar in Bhopal
Q39

Which birth anniversary of Lokmata Devi Ahilyabai Holkar was marked on 31 May 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — 300th

The PMO said 31 May 2025 marked the 300th birth anniversary of Lokmata Devi Ahilyabai Holkar.

Q40 Advanced

At the Bhopal event on 31 May 2025, the Prime Minister noted the launch of which metro system?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — Indore Metro

The Prime Minister noted the launch of the Indore Metro along with air connectivity for Datia and Satna.

Q41 Advanced

Consider the following statements about Devi Ahilyabai Holkar, as recalled by the Prime Minister on 31 May 2025: 1. She contributed to the restoration of temples including Kashi Vishwanath. 2. She established new industries for Maheshwari sarees. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2

Both are correct: the PM credited her with restoring temples including Kashi Vishwanath and with establishing industries for Maheshwari sarees.

Astrophysicist Jayant Narlikar, founding director of IUCAA, passes away in Pune
Q42

Astrophysicist Jayant Narlikar, who passed away on 20 May 2025, was the founding director of which institution?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics

In 1988 the UGC invited Narlikar to set up IUCAA, Pune, as its founding director; he led it until 2003. He had earlier worked at TIFR (1972–1989) and studied at BHU.

Q43 Advanced

Consider the following statements about Jayant Narlikar (1938–2025): 1. With Fred Hoyle, he co-developed the Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity. 2. He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 2004. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2

Both are correct. He co-developed the Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity with his Cambridge guide Fred Hoyle, and received the Padma Vibhushan in 2004 (Padma Bhushan in 1965).

PM pays tributes to Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore on his Jayanti
Q44

Consider the following statements about the PM's tribute to Rabindranath Tagore on 9 May 2025: 1. It was paid on Tagore's Jayanti. 2. The PM recalled Tagore's efforts in nurturing Sabarmati Ashram. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 1 only

Only 1 is correct. The PM recalled how Tagore nurtured Santiniketan.

PM and Lok Sabha Speaker pay tributes to Maharana Pratap on his Jayanti
Q45

Consider the following statements: 1. The Prime Minister paid tributes to Maharana Pratap on his Jayanti on 9 May 2025. 2. The Lok Sabha Speaker also paid tribute to Maharana Pratap on 9 May 2025. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2

Both are correct as per PIB releases of 9 May 2025.

Friedrich Merz assumes office as Federal Chancellor of Germany; PM Modi congratulates him
Q46

Friedrich Merz assumed office on 6 May 2025 as the Federal Chancellor of which country?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Germany

Merz assumed office as the Federal Chancellor of Germany; PM Modi referred to the India–Germany Strategic Partnership.

Anuradha Prasad sworn in as Member, UPSC
Q47 Advanced

Anuradha Prasad, who took oath as UPSC Member on 2 May 2025, belongs to which service?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Indian Defence Accounts Service

She belongs to the 1986 batch of the Indian Defence Accounts Service.

Air Marshal Narmdeshwar Tiwari takes over as Vice Chief of the Air Staff
Q48

Before taking over as Vice Chief of the Air Staff on 2 May 2025, Air Marshal Narmdeshwar Tiwari was AOC-in-C of which command?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — South Western Air Command

He was Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of South Western Air Command before becoming Vice Chief.

Bodofa Upendranath Brahma statue unveiled and road named after him in New Delhi
Q49 Advanced

How tall is the statue of Bodofa Upendranath Brahma unveiled in New Delhi on 1 May 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 9 feet

A 9-foot-high life-size statue of Bodofa Upendranath Brahma was unveiled.

Q50

1 May 2025, when Bodofa Upendranath Brahma's statue was unveiled in New Delhi, marked which death anniversary of his?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — 35th

1 May 2025 was his 35th death anniversary.

Arvind Shrivastava takes charge as Revenue Secretary
Q51

Arvind Shrivastava, who took charge on 1 May 2025, became Secretary of which department?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Department of Revenue

He took charge as Secretary, Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance.

Lt Gen Pratik Sharma takes over as GOC-in-C, Northern Command
Q52 Advanced

Before taking over Northern Command on 1 May 2025, Lt Gen Pratik Sharma had served as:

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Director General of Military Operations

He was Director General of Military Operations and Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy) before becoming GOC-in-C, Northern Command.

Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit takes over as Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (CISC)
Q53

Whom did Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit succeed as Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (CISC) on 1 May 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Lt Gen JP Mathew

He succeeded Lt Gen JP Mathew, who superannuated on 30 April 2025.

Q54 Advanced

Before becoming CISC on 1 May 2025, Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit was AOC-in-C of which IAF command?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — Central Air Command

He was serving as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Central Air Command.

Basava Jayanti: PM pays tribute to Jagadguru Basaveshwara
Q55

Jagadguru Basaveshwara, remembered on Basava Jayanti on 30 April 2025, was a philosopher and social reformer of which century?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — 12th century

The PM remembered him as the 12th-century philosopher and social reformer.

PM congratulates Mark Carney (Canada) and Kamla Persad-Bissessar (Trinidad and Tobago)
Q56

Consider the following about the PM's congratulatory messages of 29 April 2025: 1. Mark Carney was congratulated on his election as Prime Minister of Canada, and the Liberal Party on its victory. 2. Kamla Persad-Bissessar was congratulated on her election as Prime Minister of Canada. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — 1 only

Only 1 is correct. Kamla Persad-Bissessar was congratulated on her election victory in Trinidad and Tobago, not Canada.

National Archives of India acquires private papers of Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Q57

Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, whose private papers were acquired by the National Archives of India in April 2025, served as President of India during:

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 2002–2007

Dr Kalam was the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007.

Q58

Consider the following: 1. The private paper collection of Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was acquired by the National Archives of India. 2. Dr Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2

Both are correct, as per the Ministry of Culture release of 28 April 2025.

Mann Ki Baat 121 recalls Champaran Satyagraha and Babu Veer Kunwar Singh
Q59

Who wrote the book 'Satyagraha in Champaran', recommended by the PM in Mann Ki Baat on 27 April 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: A — Dr Rajendra Prasad

The PM said Dr Rajendra Prasad, the first President after Independence, contributed to the Satyagraha and wrote 'Satyagraha in Champaran'.

Q60 Advanced

Consider the following based on Mann Ki Baat of 27 April 2025: 1. Babu Veer Kunwar Singh was a hero of the 1857 revolution. 2. 10 May marks the anniversary of the first freedom struggle. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2

Both are correct, as mentioned by the PM.

Q61

In which year did Gandhiji reach Champaran in Bihar, as recalled in Mann Ki Baat on 27 April 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 1917

The PM recalled that Gandhiji reached Champaran in Bihar in 1917.

Q62

On which date was the death anniversary of Babu Veer Kunwar Singh observed, as mentioned in Mann Ki Baat on 27 April 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: B — 26 April

The PM said the death anniversary of Babu Veer Kunwar Singh was observed on 26 April.

Two Odisha animators among 42 finalists of WAVES 2025 Animation Filmmaker Competition
Q63

How many finalists were selected nationwide for the WAVES 2025 Animation Filmmaker Competition, as per PIB Bhubaneswar on 26 April 2025?

Show answer

Correct answer: D — 42

42 finalists were selected from across the country for the Animation Filmmaker Competition.

Q64

Consider the following about the two Odisha finalists of the WAVES 2025 Animation Filmmaker Competition: 1. Both are students of NID Ahmedabad. 2. Bhagyashree Satpathy is from Jajpur. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Show answer

Correct answer: C — Both 1 and 2

Both are correct. Bhagyashree Satpathy (Jajpur) and Rishav Mohanty (Bhubaneswar) both study at NID Ahmedabad.